connectedpapers怎么下載

1、首先進入瀏覽器搜索connectedpapers。
2、其次進入connectedpapers官網。
3、然后點擊右上角的下載，選擇對應的下載版本。
4、最后點擊下載，下載完畢后自定義安裝就可以了。

請推薦幾個好的歷史論壇吧，謝謝！

世界史綜合網站
WWW-VL History 網上虛擬歷史圖書館。
General History Resources on the Internet 紐約大學歷史系主辦。
History Online-History Sources 鏈接了一些歷史學站點。
History and Historiography 鏈接史學站點和史學書目。
UT International Network Information Systems Texas大學國際信息系統(tǒng)。包括亞洲、拉丁美洲、中東、俄羅斯和東歐四個網絡信息中心，搜集相關的地區(qū)研究網站。
LINKS FOR THE HISTORY PROFESSION 由THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS建立的史學專業(yè)站點，鏈接了豐富的資源。
Web Sites Of Interest to Historians 歷史學家感興趣的站點。
The History Net 一個內容豐富的歷史主題網站。
HyperHistory Online 在線超文本歷史。鏈接了大量有關歷史人物、事件、地圖等方面的站點。形式活潑，雅俗共賞。
HISTORY CHANNEL 歷史頻道，一個以歷史為主題的電視頻道的網絡版。
歷史學>世界史>史前史
The Paleolithic Diet Page What the Hunter/Gatherers Ate
The Neolithic Mosaic on the North European Plain A paper by Peter Bogucki, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University.
The Development of Western Civilization I - World History I - Prehistory
The Old World Archaeology Newsletter (OWAN) is published three times a year by the Department of Classical Studies at Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459-0146, USA.
歷史學>世界史>古代史
中國世界古代史研究網 由陳德正博士建立維護。 有學術組織、網文選粹、學界信息、資料索引、學者風采、教參資料、古史論壇、論著選刊、大家訪談、考研信息、論著評介、原創(chuàng)空間等欄目。
The Ancient World Web 一個世界古代史網站。
Exploring Ancient World Cultures An introduction to Ancient World Cultures on the World-Wide-Web.
ARACHNION A Journal of Ancient Literature and History on the Web。
Ancient/Classical History with N.S. Gill Your Guide to One of Over 700 Sites.
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
The Ancient History Bulletin The Ancient History Bulletin was founded by W. Heckel, B. Lavelle, and J. Vanderspoel; the first issue, vol. 1.1, appeared in 1987. The Ancient History Bulletin provides a forum for scholarly discussion in Ancient History and in the ancillary fields of Epigraphy, Papyrology and Numismatics, from the Near East to Late Antiquity.
EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents From Western Europe The links connect to Western European (mainly primary) historical documents that are transcribed, reproduced in facsimile, or translated.
Worldwide Email Directory of Anthropologists
歷史學>世界史>古埃及中東
Internet resources of interest to classicists and Mediterranean archaeologists:This document collects links to internet resources of interest to classicists and Mediterranean archaeologists. Please feel free to copy the links in this page for whatever purposes you see fit (the pages referred to come with their own restrictions). Entries followed by come from this server.
Egyptology Resources This page is set up with the kind assistance of the Newton Institute in the University of Cambridge to provide a World Wide Web resource for Egyptological information.
Egyptology.com 一個埃及學站點。
Jack's Egyptology Links 一個埃及學站點寶庫。
The Duke Papyrus Archive provides electronic access to texts about and images of 1,375 papyri from ancient Egypt. The target audience includes: papyrologists, ancient historians, archaeologists, biblical scholars, classicists, Coptologists, Egyptologists, students of literature and religion and all others interested in ancient Egypt.
ORIENTAL INSTITUTE RESEARCH ARCHIVES - REGIONAL INDEX: EGYPT INDEX OF RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ANCIENT EGYPT, INCLUDING THE TERRITORY UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE MODERN STATES OF EGYPT AND SUDAN, AND PART OF LIBYA.
Pyramids 關于金字塔的站點。
The University of Memphis Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology 孟菲斯大學埃及藝術與考古系。
SCROLLS FROM THE DEAD SEA：The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship 關于死海文書的站點。
歷史學>世界史>古希臘羅馬
Greek and Latin Classics Internet Resources——Here you will find links to resources for Classics and certain related disciplines (Medi?val Studies, Renaissance Studies, Patristics, etc.) on the Internet.
Classical Eireann
THE ANCIENT CITY OF ATHENS is a photographic archive of the archaeological and architectural remains of ancient Athens (Greece). It is intended primarily as a resource for students of classical art & archaeology, civilization, languages, and history at Indiana University as a supplement to their class lectures and reading assignments and as a source of images for use in term papers, projects, and presentations. We also hope that this site will be useful to all who have an interest in archaeological exploration and the recovery, interpretation, and preservation of the past.
Sources for Thucydides 關于修昔底德的網上資源。
The History of Herodotus 希羅多德《歷史》電子全文。
Thomas Martin Overview of Archaic and Classical Greek History 一本網絡電子書籍。
歷史學>世界史>中世紀及文藝復興
WWW Medieval Resources——Discussion Lists & Information .Useful, basic information about the use and function of academic discussion lists, how to subscribe to them, what and where they are.Links to Texts from and about the Medieval Period Medieval History, Archeology, & Architecture Links to Databases Labyrinth, Chaucer Bibliography, ANSAXDAT, & others. Links to other Home Pages .Links to Archives of MSS Facsimiles, Art, etc. Medieval Sciences Libraries. Links to Miscellaneous Materials British Library Portico, WebLouvre, Gregorian Chant, etc....
The Labyrinth: Resources for Medieval Studies The Labyrinth's easy-to-use menus and links provide connections to databases, services, texts, and images on other servers around the world.
Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Washington & Lee University：鏈接了中世紀 相關學術站點。
BYZANTINE & MEDIEVAL LINKS INDEX 鏈接了大量關于拜占廷和中世紀研究的站點。
La Renaissance —— The term Renaissance, adopted from the French equivalent of the Italian word rinascita, meaning literally "rebirth," describes the radical and comprehensive changes that took place in European culture during the 15th and 16th centuries, bringing about the demise of the Middle Ages and embodying for the first time the values of the modern world. The consciousness of cultural rebirth was itself a characteristic of the Renaissance. Italian scholars and critics of this period proclaimed that their age had progressed beyond the barbarism of the past and had found its inspiration, and its closest parallel, in the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome.
歷史學>世界史>近現(xiàn)代
The Columbus Navigation Homepage Examining the History, Navigation, and Landfall of Christopher Columbus
1492: AN ONGOING VOYAGE: an Exhibit of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC 1492. Columbus. The date and the name provoke many questions related to the linking of very different parts of the world, the Western Hemisphere and the Mediterranean. What was life like in those areas before 1492? What spurred European expansion? How did European, African and American peoples react to each other? What were some of the immediate results of these contacts? 1492: AN ONGOING VOYAGE addresses such questions by examining the rich mixture of societies coexisting in five areas of this hemisphere before European arrival. It then surveys the polyglot Mediterranean world at a dynamic turning point in its development.
Eighteenth-Century Studies This collection archives works of the eighteenth century from the perspectives of literary and cultural studies. Novels, plays, memoirs, treatises and poems of the period are kept here (in some cases, influential texts from before 1700 or after 1800 as well), along with modern criticism.
Nineteenth Century Studies Nineteenth Century Studies Association主辦的跨學科刊物。
Dieciocho Dieciocho is a journal dedicated to what we call the "Hispanic Enlightenment," that is, to eighteenth-century studies in Spain and Latin America. In our pages you will find articles in English or Spanish about the literature, history, art and thought of those two areas. In addition, you will find reviews of the latest books, current bibliography and notices of upcoming events and publications.
Journal of World-systems Research 《世界體系研究》雜志。
遙遠的橋：第二次世界大戰(zhàn)
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)
Modern European History A Research Guide:European history is a primary subject of the General Research Division and constitutes a significant portion of its holdings. The collection is extensive in all types of historical materials, including monographs, scholarly journals, bibliographies, annual surveys, pamphlets, general histories and systematic works, printed archival sources, and biographies. Geographically, the General Research Division holdings span the European continent from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean basin, and from Great Britain to Central and Eastern Europe.
Modern History - A Soviet Viewpoint:Modern History: Textbook for the Ninth Form by A. V. Efimov Published by Prosveshcheniye, 1965 Translated from the Russian by V. Travlinsky . Many years ago my friend Robert Wible was stationed in India with the United States Information Agency. He returned to the U.S. with a textbook "Modern History" which was had been published in the Soviet Union. Translated into English, the book was being used in Indian schools.
Churchill Archives Centre: home to the papers of Sir Winston Churchill and to over 400 collections of personal papers and archives documenting the history of the Churchill era and after.
THE TOKYO WAR CRIMES TRIALS: MAY 3, 1946 to NOVEMBER 12, 1948 All Japanese Class A war criminals were tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in Tokyo. The prosecution team was made up of justices from eleven Allied nations: Australia, Canada, China, France, Great Britain, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Soviet Union and the United States of America. The Tokyo trial lasted two and a half years, from May 1946 to November 1948. Other war criminals were tried in the respective victim countries. War crime trials were held at ten different locations in China.
The Journal of Modern History Electronic Edition
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum:The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ("the USHMM") freely provides the information contained on this website to our website visitors. Although the USHMM makes every reasonable effort to provide accurate information, the USHMM cannot guarantee the accuracy, reliability, currency, or completeness of the information contained on this website or on any other website with which it is linked. The USHMM therefore disclaims responsibility for any errors in the information provided, and the USHMM urges all visitors to this website to take their own steps to obtain independent verification of the information provided. In addition, the USHMM disclaims all warranties, including the implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, in regard to the information provided on this website.
歷史學>世界史>地區(qū)和國別史
Useful Websites for Teaching and Research in U.S. History 由Wang Xi整理提供，包括有關美國史研究的綜合網站、專題研究、電子文本下載等。
American and British History Resources on the Internet
The American Historical Review 美國歷史評論，美國歷史學會主辦。
Selected U.S. History Resources on the Web Those looking for U.S. history sites on the Web are fortunate that there are some excellent subject-based directories.
New American Studies Web Pilot Version The new version is a topical database of over 2,000 web-based resources in American Studies.
National Archives and Records Administration of USA
The Early America Review A Journal of Fact and Opinion On the People, Issues and Events Of 18th Century America.
The Mayflower Web Page 關于“五月花號”。
Diplomatic History Resources Index This page lists those sites with webmasters who have been kind enough to include a link to the U.S. Diplomatic History Resources Index.
Index of Civil War Information available on the Internet 關于美國南北戰(zhàn)爭。
German Studies Trails on the Internet:Andreas Lixl, Professor of German at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (USA). Listed here are some of the most useful interdisciplinary German resources on the World Wide Web. These literature and culture trails are designed for everyone who likes to explore the Internet as a virtual language laboratory or engage in research and study projects, including Germanistik and literary theory or online museums. Younger readers can connect to children's pages on the KinderWeb, others can join German Chatrooms, and work through German Web Exercises on various levels of proficiency, or look for multimedia Teaching Tools and Software links. Visit our UNCG Multimedia Language Center for popular culture laboratory links and resources, including the MIT list of Real Audio links to Central European Radio Stations.
Italian History The resources pertain to the history of Italy and are organized by historical era.
Irish History on the Web provides a unique resource for anyone interested in learning about or researching a wide variety of Irish history topics. Like a sourcebook, most of the links found here will lead to primary documents, original essays, bibliographies or specific informational sites, all of which are visited prior to inclusion on this site.
Sí, Spain promotes free exchange of information on Spanish current affairs and its historical, linguistic and cultural development, has begun its third phase through the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. German, French and Spanish versions will progressively follow.
REESWeb: Russian and East European Studies Internet Resources:The REESWeb is a comprehensive index of electronic resources on the Balkans, the Baltic states, the Caucusus, Central Asia, Central Europe, the CIS, Eastern Europe, the NIS, the Russian Federation, and the former Soviet Union. Submissions are always welcome. The REESWeb is sponsored by the Center for Russian and East European Studies of the University of Pittsburgh, a National Resource Center for Russian and East European Studies.
Soviet Archives Exhibit This Library of Congress Soviet Archives exhibition is important for what it represents, what it contains, and what it suggests. It represents a new Russia, willing and anxious under its first democratically elected president, Boris Yeltsin, to affirm the core democratic value of open access to information. Shortly after defeating the attempted coup of August 1991, a group from the victorious democratic resistance led by the chief archivist of Russia, Rudolph Pikhoia, took over the previously top secret archives of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and began the process of both consolidating democratic control over all archives in Russia and attempting to make them available for the first time for public study.
A Resource for Turkic and Jewish History in Russia and Ukraine
The WWW Virtual Library: Latin American Studies
National Archives of Australia
National Centre for Australia Studies:The Centre aims to promote excellence in the teaching and research of Australian studies by offering innovative postgraduate courses, developing resources for undergraduate teaching, maintaining relevant databases, and undertaking a vigorous research program. The Centre promotes an understanding of Australian society in local, domestic and international communities. In its teaching and research, the Centre draws particularly on history, geography, visual arts and literature, and is also developing ties with Asian studies, cultural studies, education, sociology, law and environmental science.
National Archives of Canada
New Zealand Government Online
The Center for Middle Eastern Studies by The University of Texas at Austin.
日本歷史與文化（BIG5）

史蒂夫．喬布斯05年在斯坦福大學畢業(yè)典禮上的演講稿。謝謝

5213zxjx果CEO喬布斯在斯坦福大學的演講稿[中英]蘋果計算機公司CEO史蒂夫?喬布斯6.14在斯坦福大學對即將畢業(yè)的大學生們進行演講時說，從大學里輟學是他這一生做出的最為明智的一個選擇，因為它逼迫他學會了創(chuàng)新。 喬布斯對操場上擠的滿滿的畢業(yè)生、校友和家長們說：“你的時間有限，所以最好別把它浪費在模仿別人這種事上?！?－－同樣地，如果還在學校的話，似乎不應該去模仿退學的牛人們。
You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says
Jobs說，你必須要找到你所愛的東西。
This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.
這是蘋果公司和Pixar動畫工作室的CEO Steve Jobs于2005年6月12號在斯坦福大學的畢業(yè)典禮上面的演講稿。
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
我今天很榮幸能和你們一起參加畢業(yè)典禮，斯坦福大學是世界上最好的大學之一。我從來沒有從大學中畢業(yè)。說實話,今天也許是在我的生命中離大學畢業(yè)最近的一天了。今天我想向你們講述我生活中的三個故事。不是什么大不了的事情,只是三個故事而已。
The first story is about connecting the dots.
第一個故事是關于如何把生命中的點點滴滴串連起來。
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
我在Reed大學讀了六個月之后就退學了,但是在十八個月以后——我真正的作出退學決定之前,我還經常去學校。我為什么要退學呢？
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
故事從我出生的時候講起。我的親生母親是一個年輕的,沒有結婚的大學畢業(yè)生。她決定讓別人收養(yǎng)我, 她十分想讓我被大學畢業(yè)生收養(yǎng)。所以在我出生的時候，她已經做好了一切的準備工作，能使得我被一個律師和他的妻子所收養(yǎng)。但是她沒有料到,當我出生之后,律師夫婦突然決定他們想要一個女孩。 所以我的生養(yǎng)父母（他們還在我親生父母的觀察名單上）突然在半夜接到了一個電話:“我們現(xiàn)在這兒有一個不小心生出來的男嬰,你們想要他嗎？”他們回答道:“當然！”但是我親生母親隨后發(fā)現(xiàn)，我的養(yǎng)母從來沒有上過大學,我的父親甚至從沒有讀過高中。她拒絕簽這個收養(yǎng)合同。只是在幾個月以后,我的父母答應她一定要讓我上大學,那個時候她才同意。
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
在十七歲那年,我真的上了大學。但是我很愚蠢的選擇了一個幾乎和你們斯坦福大學一樣貴的學校, 我父母還處于藍領階層，他們幾乎把所有積蓄都花在了我的學費上面。在六個月后, 我已經看不到其中的價值所在。我不知道我想要在生命中做什么,我也不知道大學能幫助我找到怎樣的答案。 但是在這里，我?guī)缀趸ü饬宋腋改高@一輩子的所有積蓄。所以我決定要退學,我覺得這是個正確的決定。不能否認,我當時確實非常的害怕, 但是現(xiàn)在回頭看看,那的確是我這一生中最棒的一個決定。在我做出退學決定的那一刻, 我終于可以不必去讀那些令我提不起絲毫興趣的課程了。然后我還可以去修那些看起來有點意思的課程。
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5￠ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
但是這并不是那么羅曼蒂克。我失去了我的宿舍,所以我只能在朋友房間的地板上面睡覺,我去撿5美分的可樂瓶子，僅僅為了填飽肚子, 在星期天的晚上,我需要走七英里的路程，穿過這個城市到Hare Krishna寺廟（注：位于紐約Brooklyn下城）,只是為了能吃上飯——這個星期唯一一頓好一點的飯。但是我喜歡這樣。我跟著我的直覺和好奇心走, 遇到的很多東西,此后被證明是無價之寶。讓我給你們舉一個例子吧：
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
Reed大學在那時提供也許是全美最好的美術字課程。在這個大學里面的每個海報, 每個抽屜的標簽上面全都是漂亮的美術字。因為我退學了, 沒有受到正規(guī)的訓練, 所以我決定去參加這個課程，去學學怎樣寫出漂亮的美術字。我學到了san serif 和serif字體, 我學會了怎么樣在不同的字母組合之中改變空格的長度, 還有怎么樣才能作出最棒的印刷式樣。那是一種科學永遠不能捕捉到的、美麗的、真實的藝術精妙, 我發(fā)現(xiàn)那實在是太美妙了。
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
當時看起來這些東西在我的生命中，好像都沒有什么實際應用的可能。但是十年之后,當我們在設計第一臺Macintosh電腦的時候,就不是那樣了。我把當時我學的那些家伙全都設計進了Mac。那是第一臺使用了漂亮的印刷字體的電腦。如果我當時沒有退學, 就不會有機會去參加這個我感興趣的美術字課程, Mac就不會有這么多豐富的字體，以及賞心悅目的字體間距。那么現(xiàn)在個人電腦就不會有現(xiàn)在這么美妙的字型了。當然我在大學的時候，還不可能把從前的點點滴滴串連起來,但是當我十年后回顧這一切的時候,真的豁然開朗了。
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
再次說明的是,你在向前展望的時候不可能將這些片斷串連起來；你只能在回顧的時候將點點滴滴串連起來。所以你必須相信這些片斷會在你未來的某一天串連起來。你必須要相信某些東西：你的勇氣、目的、生命、因緣。這個過程從來沒有令我失望（let me down）,只是讓我的生命更加地與眾不同而已。
My second story is about love and loss.
我的第二個故事是關于愛和損失的。
I was lucky – I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
我非常幸運, 因為我在很早的時候就找到了我鐘愛的東西。Woz和我在二十歲的時候就在父母的車庫里面開創(chuàng)了蘋果公司。我們工作得很努力, 十年之后, 這個公司從那兩個車庫中的窮光蛋發(fā)展到了超過四千名的雇員、價值超過二十億的大公司。在公司成立的第九年,我們剛剛發(fā)布了最好的產品,那就是Macintosh。我也快要到三十歲了。在那一年, 我被炒了魷魚。你怎么可能被你自己創(chuàng)立的公司炒了魷魚呢? 嗯,在蘋果快速成長的時候，我們雇用了一個很有天分的家伙和我一起管理這個公司, 在最初的幾年,公司運轉的很好。但是后來我們對未來的看法發(fā)生了分歧, 最終我們吵了起來。當爭吵不可開交的時候, 董事會站在了他的那一邊。所以在三十歲的時候, 我被炒了。在這么多人的眼皮下我被炒了。在而立之年，我生命的全部支柱離自己遠去, 這真是毀滅性的打擊。
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me – I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
在最初的幾個月里，我真是不知道該做些什么。我把從前的創(chuàng)業(yè)激情給丟了, 我覺得自己讓與我一同創(chuàng)業(yè)的人都很沮喪。我和David Pack和Bob Boyce見面，并試圖向他們道歉。我把事情弄得糟糕透頂了。但是我漸漸發(fā)現(xiàn)了曙光, 我仍然喜愛我從事的這些東西。蘋果公司發(fā)生的這些事情絲毫的沒有改變這些, 一點也沒有。我被驅逐了,但是我仍然鐘愛它。所以我決定從頭再來。
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
我當時沒有覺察, 但是事后證明, 從蘋果公司被炒是我這輩子發(fā)生的最棒的事情。因為，作為一個成功者的極樂感覺被作為一個創(chuàng)業(yè)者的輕松感覺所重新代替: 對任何事情都不那么特別看重。這讓我覺得如此自由, 進入了我生命中最有創(chuàng)造力的一個階段。
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
在接下來的五年里, 我創(chuàng)立了一個名叫NeXT的公司, 還有一個叫Pixar的公司, 然后和一個后來成為我妻子的優(yōu)雅女人相識。Pixar 制作了世界上第一個用電腦制作的動畫電影——“”玩具總動員”,Pixar現(xiàn)在也是世界上最成功的電腦制作工作室。在后來的一系列運轉中,Apple收購了NeXT, 然后我又回到了Apple公司。我們在NeXT發(fā)展的技術在Apple的復興之中發(fā)揮了關鍵的作用。我還和Laurence 一起建立了一個幸福的家庭。
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.
我可以非?？隙?如果我不被Apple開除的話, 這其中一件事情也不會發(fā)生的。這個良藥的味道實在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要這個藥。有些時候, 生活會拿起一塊磚頭向你的腦袋上猛拍一下。不要失去信心。我很清楚唯一使我一直走下去的，就是我做的事情令我無比鐘愛。你需要去找到你所愛的東西。對于工作是如此, 對于你的愛人也是如此。你的工作將會占據生活中很大的一部分。你只有相信自己所做的是偉大的工作, 你才能怡然自得。如果你現(xiàn)在還沒有找到, 那么繼續(xù)找、不要停下來、全心全意的去找, 當你找到的時候你就會知道的。就像任何真誠的關系, 隨著歲月的流逝只會越來越緊密。所以繼續(xù)找，直到你找到它，不要停下來！
My third story is about death.
我的第三個故事是關于死亡的。
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
當我十七歲的時候, 我讀到了一句話:“如果你把每一天都當作生命中最后一天去生活的話,那么有一天你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你是正確的。”這句話給我留下了深刻的印象。從那時開始,過了33年,我在每天早晨都會對著鏡子問自己:“如果今天是我生命中的最后一天, 你會不會完成你今天想做的事情呢？”當答案連續(xù)很多次被給予“不是”的時候, 我知道自己需要改變某些事情了。
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything – all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
“記住你即將死去”是我一生中遇到的最重要箴言。它幫我指明了生命中重要的選擇。因為幾乎所有的事情, 包括所有的榮譽、所有的驕傲、所有對難堪和失敗的恐懼,這些在死亡面前都會消失。我看到的是留下的真正重要的東西。你有時候會思考你將會失去某些東西,“記住你即將死去”是我知道的避免這些想法的最好辦法。你已經赤身裸體了, 你沒有理由不去跟隨自己的心一起跳動。
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
大概一年以前, 我被診斷出癌癥。我在早晨七點半做了一個檢查, 檢查清楚的顯示在我的胰腺有一個腫瘤。我當時都不知道胰腺是什么東西。醫(yī)生告訴我那很可能是一種無法治愈的癌癥, 我還有三到六個月的時間活在這個世界上。我的醫(yī)生叫我回家, 然后整理好我的一切, 那就是醫(yī)生準備死亡的程序。那意味著你將要把未來十年對你小孩說的話在幾個月里面說完.；那意味著把每件事情都搞定, 讓你的家人會盡可能輕松的生活；那意味著你要說“再見了”。
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
我整天和那個診斷書一起生活。后來有一天早上我作了一個活切片檢查，醫(yī)生將一個內窺鏡從我的喉嚨伸進去,通過我的胃, 然后進入我的腸子, 用一根針在我的胰腺上的腫瘤上取了幾個細胞。我當時很鎮(zhèn)靜,因為我被注射了鎮(zhèn)定劑。但是我的妻子在那里, 后來告訴我，當醫(yī)生在顯微鏡地下觀察這些細胞的時候他們開始尖叫, 因為這些細胞最后竟然是一種非常罕見的可以用手術治愈的胰腺癌癥。我做了這個手術, 現(xiàn)在我痊愈了。
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
那是我最接近死亡的時候, 我還希望這也是以后的幾十年最接近的一次。從死亡線上又活了過來, 死亡對我來說，只是一個有用但是純粹是知識上的概念的時候，我可以更肯定一點地對你們說：
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
沒有人愿意死, 即使人們想上天堂, 人們也不會為了去那里而死。但是死亡是我們每個人共同的終點。從來沒有人能夠逃脫它。也應該如此。 因為死亡就是生命中最好的一個發(fā)明。它將舊的清除以便給新的讓路。你們現(xiàn)在是新的, 但是從現(xiàn)在開始不久以后, 你們將會逐漸的變成舊的然后被清除。我很抱歉這很戲劇性, 但是這十分的真實。
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notion
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.

APAMLAAMAChicago引文格式簡介

APA,MLA,AMA,Chicago,Turabian引文格式簡介：總起來說APA主要是用于心理、教育及社會科學等學科；MLA是用于人文、藝術等學科；AMA主要用于醫(yī)學、健康及生物科學等學科；Chicago主要用于書籍、雜志、新聞等媒體。
在引用文獻時，各個雜志有各個雜志的要求，但多遵循一種規(guī)范。常見的引文格式主要有APA，MLA和Chicago三種規(guī)范，Google Scholar也支持這三種引文格式的輸出。這些引文格式之間有何區(qū)別？本文作一簡要介紹。我也是一邊學習一邊撰寫，就當一個學習筆記吧。
APAAPA是美國心理學會（American Psychological Association， APA）所制定的一種引文格式。APA主要用于心理、教育及社會科學等學科。
APA參考文獻的文中格式一般為作者和發(fā)表日期加上頁碼，而非常見的數(shù)字格式。
最新的APA引文格式是第6版，出版于2009年。官方網站是
http://www.apastyle.org
，可以在其官方網站找到APA引文格式的最新版本。簡要的概括一下，APA引文格式的要求主要有以下幾個方面：
1、文章格式是雙倍行間，包括參考文獻也是如此。
2、引文要整體縮進0.5英寸或1.27cm。
3、引文排列順序是第一作者姓氏的字母順序。
4、作者的姓氏第一個字母大寫，全名并不要求大寫。
5、如果引文中有2篇或2篇以上的引文是同一作者，排序則以引文發(fā)表年代計算。
6、文章第一個字母要大寫，雜志名稱要全部大寫。
7、雜志及期刊卷要用斜體，期刊的期不要斜體。如果引文是書籍或者報告，題目也要斜體。
8、文章中要是有圖表的話要置于文末，并且要提供原始圖表。
這樣說有些空洞，來幾個例子。其實以下內容您可以忽略。
Journal Article: 有電子版及書面版，有DOI編號
Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992). Intuitive versus rational judgment and the role of stereotyping in the human condition: Kirk or Spock? Psychological Inquiry, 3(2), 153-159. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0302_13
Journal Article: 無DOI編號
Hodges, F. M. (2003). The promised planet: Alliances and struggles of the gerontocracy in American television science fiction of the 1960s. The Aging Male, 6, 175-182. Retrieved from
http://www.informaworld.com/TheAgingMale
Magazine Article
Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek on the brain:? Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585.
Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, pp. A3, A20-A22.
Ebert, R. (2009, May 6). [Review of the motion picture Star trek, produced by Paramount, 2009]. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved from
http://rogerebert.suntimes.com
Books
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York, NY: Pocket Books.
書籍無作者或者作者是團體
Star trek: Four generations of stars, stories, and strange new worlds.? (1995). Radnor, PA: News America Publications.
Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In L. T. Lorimer et al. (Eds.), The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between brothers. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED364932)
Websites:
Epsicokhan, J. (2004, February 20). Confessions of a closet trekkie. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from Jammer's Reviews website:
http://www.jammersreviews.com/articles/confessions.php
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2009, May 28). NASA astronaut watches new Star trek movie in space. Retrieved from?
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/star_trek.html
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (2007, May 10). Mission could seek out Spock's home planet. Retrieved from PlanetQuest: Exoplanet Exploration website:
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/planetVulcan.cfm
The Roddenberry legacy of human potential: If only, if only. (2007, October 24). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Star Trek Official Site website:
http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/editorials/article/2310913.html
Blog
Zompist. (2009, September 30). Star wars: Hope not so new anymore? [Web log message]. Retrieved from
http://zompist.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/star-wars-hope-not-so-new-anymore/
Internet Video
Crusade2267. (2006, November 02). For the uniform: One fan's obsession with Star trek, part 1 [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul5q4PTME-M
PowerPoint Presentation
Oard, D. W. (2001). Bringing Star trek to life: Computers that speak and listen [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from University of Maryland TerpConnect website:
http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~oard/papers/cpsp118t.ppt
更多詳情可以參閱APA Style Guide。如果您沒有，可以從這里下載：
http://www.400gb.com/file/35683429
MLAMLA主(Modern Language Association)要是用于人文、藝術等學科。由Modern Language Association發(fā)布。最新的版本是第7版。
MLA文中的格式一般為作者加頁碼的形式，這點與APA大致類似，但是沒有發(fā)表日期。
MLA就不詳細敘述了，舉個例子就可以明白，現(xiàn)在以下面的文獻為例說明一下。
Cummings, E.,? Schermerhorn, A., Merrilees, C., Goeke-Morey, M.,? Shirlow, P., & Cairns, E. (2010). Political violence and child adjustment in Northern Ireland: Testing pathways in a social–ecological model including single-and two-parent families. Developmental Psychology, 46, 827-841. doi: 10.1037/a0019668
如果是MLA格式，在文中引用時是這樣的
(Cummings et al. 827)
如果是ALA格式的話，在文中引用時是這樣的
(Cummings et al., 2010)
這兩種格式的作者都是只寫姓，2位作者ALA用&連接，MLA用and連接，3位以上作者都是加et al.
這兩個格式的區(qū)別在于一個是作者+日期，一個是作者+頁碼。
AMAAMA主要用于醫(yī)學、健康及生物科學等學科。
AMA恐怕是最常見的引文格式，在文中是以數(shù)字的形式出現(xiàn)。總體來說大致有以幾個特點：
1、引文根據在文中出現(xiàn)的順序而編號。
2、雜志名是以斜體或者下劃線的形式出現(xiàn)。
3、作者的姓和名首字母都要大寫，如果是6位以上作者，只展示前3位，其它的用et al.省略。
4、雜志名稱縮寫，要加卷和期及頁碼。
5、書籍要加版本，如3rd。
以下例文獻為例
1. Wilcox RV. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: the next generation. Stud Pop Culture. 1991;13:53-65.
該引文如在文中第一次出現(xiàn)，則編碼1，文末格式如上。
ChicagoChicago主要用于書籍、雜志、新聞等媒體。Chicago有時還叫CMS或者CMOS。但是自從1906第一個規(guī)范版本發(fā)布以后，統(tǒng)一稱為Chicago。
即使Chicago都有兩種不同的格式，具體可以去官網
http://www.office9.cn/upload/20211117/h2p
除此之外，還有一些其它格式，如 Turabian格式，CSE格式，IEEE格式等等。太多了，都有自己的要求。
其實也不用記這么多，投稿時根據雜志要求來修改引文格式就可以了。
幸好，EndNote已內置了上百種雜志的格式，直接利用就可以了，也不用管具體格式是如何。因為 EndNote 已經為您完全按照雜志要求把引文格式化了。
但是有的雜志要求比較特殊，EndNote 并未收錄其格式要求，此時也不怕，可以EndNote修改引文格式的方法來修改引文格式，然后格式化一下即可。

2020-12-06 labview用I/O Server連接modbus（填坑）

modbus是一種比較通用的協(xié)議，用來做數(shù)據采集很方便，也很便宜，至少比NI的板卡便宜兩個量級，但是配置較為復雜，同時采集速率并不高。對于1s左右采樣間隔的數(shù)據來說，modbus是一種非常合適的方式。
labview使用modbus有很多種方法，其中最方便地第一種就是用共享變量引擎（Shared Variable Engine, SVE）來讀寫modbus的寄存器（類似模擬IO）和線圈（數(shù)字IO）。其他方法比較繁瑣，因此這里只研究了這種labview使用I/O Server訪問modbus的方式，其它的比如采用VISA的modbus串口/TCP VI進行讀寫的方式以及采用OPC服務器進行讀寫的方式在這里就不研究了。
這里采用的win10 64bit中文版系統(tǒng)，Labview 2018（和諧版），同時安裝了分布式控制系統(tǒng)（Distributed Control System, DSC），這樣就可以使用modbus I/O Server了，根據官網資料，除了labview，必須還要安裝DSC或者RT模塊，才能使用modbus，其中最好是安裝DSC模塊。
這里的系統(tǒng)架構如下圖所示，Labview負責邏輯和前端展示，與PLC的modbus協(xié)議進行交互是通過I/O Server完成的。I/O Server其實是NI 的共享變量引擎SVE的一種插件。所以在運行的時候需要安裝和啟動SVE。
這個SVE一般在windows里面是以服務形式安裝的，安裝的服務名為NITaggerService，安裝位置是在C:\Program Files (x86)\National Instruments\Shared\Tagger。如果是SVE的一些問題，可以查看這個服務是否啟動。但是坑爹的NI沒有說log文件在哪兒，有時候查錯很麻煩。
安裝了DSC之后，就可以啟用modbus I/O Server了，對于中文Win10系統(tǒng)裝labview 2018而言，坑的地方在于你按照官網教程走完是不行的，會出現(xiàn)modbus變量無法讀取的問題，并且顯示鏈接已經斷開。如果你手動啟動SVE服務（即：NITaggerService），當時是可以啟動的，然后你用NI分布式系統(tǒng)管理器（NI distributed system manager）查看變量會不成功，再看服務已經停止了，但是由于沒有l(wèi)og文件，所以我們也不知道它什么時候停止的。
后來發(fā)現(xiàn)一個方法可以修正這個問題：在NI分布式系統(tǒng)管理器中重新編輯一次I/O Server（參考下土），再在“操作”菜單下點擊“啟動本地共享變量引擎”，所有的值就正常了。?
modbus在I/O Server中的的地址設置比較詭異，是按照[數(shù)據解釋類型][功能碼地址頭][PLC格式的起始地址].[位]來區(qū)分的。
比如SD400002，其中數(shù)據解釋類型是SD，表示有符號的雙字整數(shù)（Signed DWord Integer），雙字意味著這是個32位的整數(shù)，需要兩個寄存器，功能碼地址頭是4，表示功能碼是3，即modbus的保持寄存器（Holding Register）字段，后面的PLC格式的起始地址是5位的00002，也就是從第2個寄存器開始，連續(xù)取2個寄存器（即00002和00003），組合成有符號的雙字整數(shù)。
至于組合的過程涉及到大小端（Endianness）的問題，大小端涉及到byte order和word order的問題，一個word就是一個寄存器（16位），一個byte是8位，當一個寄存器中的兩個byte組合并解釋為變量的具體取值的時候，可以選擇把哪個byte放到前面，哪個byte放到后面，這就是byte order，大部分情況下，byte order是大端在前（big endianness），而word order則是在兩個寄存器儲存的兩個16位的字（word），如何組成32位的數(shù)據，不同的廠商會有不同的約定，這個就差異比較大了，需要查看手冊。
NI的modbus I/O Server中，word order可以在高級選項中設置，但是byte order是沒有地方可以設置的。
此外，NI還有一個比較坑爹的地方是它的modbus tcp連接不支持502以外的端口。也就是一個IP地址最多只能對應一個modbus，雖然可以靠Unit ID來進行區(qū)分，但是實際使用中也可能存在用不同端口區(qū)分設備的情況。
1.[How LabVIEW Uses I/O Servers](
https://www.ni.com/zh-cn/innovations/white-papers/12/how-labview-uses-i-o-servers.html
)
2. [Connect LabVIEW to Any PLC Using OPC](
https://knowledge.ni.com/KnowledgeArticleDetails?id=kA03q000000x0MPCAY&l=zh-CN
)